Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) affect millions of patients annually, representing one of the most serious complications of medical care. While some infections may be unavoidable despite best efforts, many result from preventable failures in infection control practices that can constitute medical negligence. Understanding Healthcare-Associated Infections HAIs are infections that patients acquire during medical treatment, typically developing 48 hours or more after hos

Informed consent represents one of the fundamental principles of modern medicine—the idea that patients have the right to understand and agree to medical treatments before they occur. When healthcare providers fail to properly inform patients about risks, benefits, and alternatives, it can constitute medical malpractice. What Informed Consent Really Means True informed consent goes beyond simply signing a form. It requires healthcare providers to explain: The Nature of the Pr